Although the Quran is not a historical book, it has presented some reports from the events of the prophetic era. These reports in the era of the last prophet (p.b.u.h) were subject to criticism and evaluation of the Quran opponents. Therefore, if there were any defects latent in the historical reports of the Quran, or if there were any false report included in these reports, it would naturally be criticized by them. During the next periods, the historians embarked on writing the history of the prophetic age and used the Quran along with other resources. Now, the question poses itself as: May one consider the reports of the narrators from the events to be in conflict with the appearance of the Quranic reports or not? As is known by the paper, some conflicts between the reports of the resources and those of the Quran could be observed; with analyzing eleven cases, the conflict has been confirmed in most of them. For ease of the analysis of the subject domain, the reports have been limited to two battles (Badr and Uhud) and in comparison with the Quran, only three historical resources were used. In order to achieve the results of the study, the methods of the Shiite Imams toward the Quran during the history as well as "analytic-descriptive" and "comparative" methods were applied.

Sharing a destiny for story and history is not anything complex, because some speculation on the concept of history can be useful. History means researching those events that have been accounted for, observed or attended by a researcher or a number of researchers working to build a construction of narratives concerning those events. Identity is a criteria based on which the historized event can be studied. Identity as an accumulative and condensed thing entails two simultaneously growing traits: on the one hand, it leads to the recognition of beings and re-understanding of the becoming. When we speak of identity as a process, we indeed talk about the continuity of historized phenomena that an individual, group, community or nation seeks to reply when answering the questions raised respecting its past. These questions can include who it was? Where has it been? What has it been? What is it now? Such questions imply the recognition of actually existing characterizations and reinventing the historically existing distinctions. It is founded upon a huge number of concepts and conducts that form themselves vis-à-vis the other. Re-reading six Qajar era's historical works, the author seeks to identify the Western element of identity in the historical reports of the Qajar era.

The issue of the death of the Third Caliph is one of the most important challenges at the beginning of Islam, and some people in the same period made this issue a cause of disagreement and division among Muslims. This issue is considered one of the important challenges in the works and works of early historians and contemporary authors, such as the book “Sedition among the Companions, a new reading to extract truth from the rubble of falsehood” by the Egyptian writer Muhammad Hassan. The author deals with the origins and causes of strife among the Companions, and deals with the killing of the third caliph based on the sources. The main question in this article is: What are the author’s goals in writing the book and what is his approach to narrating historical novels? The current research aims to analyze the historical sources and news related to the killing of the Third Caliph, using a descriptive-analytical approach. It seems that the author compiled the book with a fanatical and deliberate view, far from historical logic, and relying on Salafi historians. In most historical reports, he refers to Salafi historical, jurisprudential, and hadith books by the Sunnis, especially historians of the seventh century AH. Despite the lack of references in describing some historical events, the text of the work often refers to the virtues of the Companions and Followers, and this work is mostly a book about the niqab of the Companions from the books of Sunni jurisprudence, hadith and interpretation.

History means research on events that at a certain time have been taken into account, observed and kept in mind by researchers and has built a structure of the story about same events. Reality is greater than history and in terms of number exceeds it highly. This leads into identity generating. In this sense, identity is a criterion that historical event can be studied based on it. As we speak of identity as a process, indeed, we have spoke of the continuity of phenomenon having become historical in response to the questions of a people, group, ethno or nation about his past. With reviewing four historical works, writer has sought to study the factor of Iranian identity in historical reports of Qajar era.

The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

Verse 37 of Surah Al-Ahzab deals with the story of the Prophet (PBUH) 's marriage to Zainab, a story that is one of the most controversial issues in the history of the Prophet' s life and despite being the subject of satire against him, it has been less the subject of historical critical research. Unfortunately, historical reports on this subject, like many others, are highly confusing and controversial, and have not been spared error, distortion, or religious motives. In this research, first of all, with a critical approach and from a historical perspective, we have examined the reports of this story and the related elements. Then, in the light of historical findings, with a contextualist approach and cognitive semantics, we have examined verse 37 of Surah Al-Ahzab, which deals with the same story. In the light of the above historical findings and contextualist and semantic approach, an orderly and consistent interpretation of verse 37 of Surah Al-Ahzab can be given. One of the most important causes of confusion in historical narrations about the marriage of the Prophet (PBUH) and Zainab, as well as interpretive narrations related to verse 37 of Surah Al-Ahzab, have been the virtues of family shaving and religious motives.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Discourse analysis is an effective method in historical research that leads to a better understanding of the origins of a thought and the ups and downs associated with it. Ancient hadith data serves as a rich source for discovering earlier discourses. The present study, using the historical reports of Aṣbagh ibn Nubāta as narrated by Imam Ali (AS), aims to uncover and extract the prominent discourse of this period. The research findings indicate that Aṣbagh ibn Nubāta, as one of the close companions of Imam Ali (AS), was from the very beginning a crucial pillar in transmitting Shia-based discourses such as Imamate and Wiṣāyat (Caliphate and Succession), considering his personality traits and concerns. He distinguished between these two concepts based on Imam Ali’s epistemological framework. Furthermore, the movement of Imam Ḥusayn (AS) also aimed to consolidate this discourse, and it can be stated that based on the theory of "Contradictory Voice of Bakhtin," the widespread reflection of the components of the succession concept in the historical reports of Aṣbagh and his significant attention to the discourse of Alawi Wiṣāyat was purposeful. It was formed in a dialectical interaction with the rival discourse that sought to institutionalize the theory of the Saqīfa Caliphate in society. In other words, Aṣbagh aimed to normalize the notion that Imamate is not equivalent to Caliphate; rather, succession is one of the important dimensions of Imamate.

As the executive arm of criminal justice organization, the police officers in the role of judiciary constables play a crucial role in the criminal process. The role is more obvious when the criminal magistrate issues the verdict given the received reports provided by these constables. Therefore it is crucial that the legislator determine specific conditions for judiciary general constable's reports. This research seeks to examine the historical trajectory of positive value of police officer's reports as judiciary constables in Iranian criminal law system, and determine the value of their reports in the Iranian criminal courts. This research is an applied one done by documentary method. The results indicate that the measure for police officers’ ' reports as judiciary constables in criminal law judgment is a personal one at the level of circumstantial evidence, and this issue contrasts with the constable's position and personality but in the criminal law judgment procedure ratified in 2003 the positive value of these constable's reports has been upgraded to the circumstantial evidence and they are credible by themselves. Therefore the new law has adopted a correct procedure towards the positive value of general constable's reports and it has come back to substantial procedure.

Several contextual influences have been quoted in regards to the revelation of verse 262 of Surah Baqarah containing mentions of certain characters and events. Subsequently, it becomes necessary to use different methods for a more comprehensive and accurate evaluation of revelational narrations due to the helpfulness of these narrations in interpretive approaches and other relevant subject matters, while also considering the complications in relation to this category. One way to measure the credibility of a narrated revelational cause is by utilizing historical themes and related proof, as it can provide more evidence for evaluation among other methods. In this respect, the present research refers to and analyzes the documented reports relating to the characters and events of which have been influential for the revelation of verse 262 of Surah Baqarah to help examine the chain of events. Among the conclusions of this paper and according to the accounted reports of the cooperation of Muslims to equip the Islamic army in the battle of Tabuk, it is mentioned that the financial help of affluent people and also other possible assistances can serve as the valid cause of revelation of this verse in which the notion of help in the same verse can be referring to in this case. In another instance, despite the concurrence of some narrated causes of revelation within the context of verse 262 of Surah Baqarah the relevant characters existing in the narrated reports happen to contradict separate accounts of them. Additionally, verse 262 of Surah Baqarah is not mentioned among verses that are particularly related to the battle of Tabuk, and according to some interpretations, the aids received from Muslims during the battle has been already referred to in verse 44 of Surah Tubah. Consequently, this raises doubts about the connection of verse 262 of Surah Baqarah with the battle of Tabuk. Furthermore, the revelation of verse 262 of Surah Baqarah with relevance to the purchase of the well of Rumah is not mentioned in corresponding reports.